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Cases and Materials
on the Law of the Sea
Second Edition
Louis B. Sohn†
John E. Noyes, California Western School of Law
Erik Franckx, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Kristen G. Juras, University of Montana School of Law
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Preface xviii
Table of Acknowledgements xxiii
Table of Figures xxviii
Table of Abbreviations xxix
Table of Cases xxxii
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments xxxix
Table of 1982 LOS Convention Articles lv
1 Introduction 1
A Overview 1
1 Developments to 1972 1
2 The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the
Sea and the 1982 LOS Convention 5
Figure I.A: Zones of National Jurisdiction 8
3 Developments Since 1982 10
B International Law and International Legal Process 15
Statute of the International Court of Justice 16
Notes 16
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 17
Figure I.B: Actual and Proposed North Sea Maritime Boundaries 29
Notes 30
Louis B. Sohn, The Law of the Sea: Customary International
Law Developments 32
Jonathan I. Charney, International Agreements and the
Development of Customary International Law 38
Notes 44
2 Freedom of the High Seas 46
A Introduction 46
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 86–87, 89 47
Notes 47
B Freedom of Navigation 48
Hugo Grotius, The Freedom of the Seas 48
Notes 49
C Freedom of Overflight 50
United States Protest to Ecuador 50
Notes 5
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D Freedom of Fishing 52
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of
World Fisheries and Aquaculture: 2010 53
Notes 54
E Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines 54
Alleged Damage to United States Submarine Cables
by Soviet Vessels 55
Notes 60
F Other Freedoms 61
G Due Regard to Interests of Other States 62
Warning Areas 63
Note 63
Legality of Using the High Seas in Connection with Nuclear Weapons
Tests in the Pacific Ocean 64
Notes 67
Nuclear Tests Case 68
Notes 76
H Reservation of the High Seas for Peaceful Purposes 79
1 The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 80
The Soviet Threat to the Americas 80
Resolution of Council of the Organization of American
States 81
Notes 82
2 The 1982 Falkland/Malvinas War 84
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. v. Argentine Republic 85
Notes 88
Declaration of a Zone of Peace and Co-operation of the
South Atlantic 90
Notes 91
3 The 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War 92
United Nations Security Council Resolution 552 92
Notes 93
Oil Platforms Case 93
Notes 100
I Duty to Render Assistance 102
Warshauer v. Lloyd Sabaudo, S.A. 102
Notes 105
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Rescue at
Sea 106
Notes 108
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3 Nationality of Vessels 111
A The Concept of Vessel Nationality 111
The Virginius Incident 112
Notes 113
Case of the Muscat Dhows 113
Notes 116
Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization 117
Notes 122
The M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case 123
Notes 127
International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Diplomatic
Protection 128
Notes 131
B Registration and Documentation 132
The M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case 133
The Grand Prince Case 137
Notes 142
Calvo, Le Droit International Théorique et Pratique 144
Notes 145
C What Is a Ship or Vessel? 145
Stewart v. Dutra Construction Co. 145
Notes 150
4 Jurisdiction of the Flag State 152
A Flag State Obligations 152
1 International Maritime Organization Conventions and
“Generally Accepted” International Regulations 153
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),
1974 153
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL) 154
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 154
Notes 155
2 Updating IMO Conventions 157
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 158
Notes 160
3 Implementing Flag State Obligations 160
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Code for the
Implementation of Mandatory IMO Instruments 161
Notes 162
B Overview of Flag State Jurisdiction 163
Note Verbale No. 10 from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain
to the Embassy of Canada 163
Notes 164
C Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision 166
The S.S. Lotus 166
Notes 176
D Illegal Acts and Stateless Vessels 177
1 Piracy 178
United States v. Dire 178
Notes 186
2 Slavery 190
Le Louis 190
Notes 194
3 Illicit Drug Traffic 196
United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 197
United States-United Kingdom Agreement to Facilitate the
Interdiction
of Vessels Suspected of Trafficking in
Drugs 198
Notes 199
4 Stateless Vessels 201
United States Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act 201
United States v. Pinto-Mejia 202
Notes 206
E United Nations Security Council Decisions, Threats to International
Peace and Security, and the Interdiction of Vessels 207
United Nations Charter 208
Note 209
United Nations Security Council Resolution 787 210
United Nations Security Council Resolution 820 210
Ebony Maritime SA and Loten Navigation Co. Ltd. v.
Prefetto Della Provincia di Brindisi and Others 211
Final Report of the Security Council Committee Established
Pursuant to Resolution 724 213
Notes 214
F Hot Pursuit 215
The M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case 215
Notes 218
5 Baselines 221
A Normal Baseline 222
United States v. California 222
Notes 223
B Straight Baselines 225
Figure V.A: Baselines 226
Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case 227
Notes 240
Figure V.B: Norway’s Straight Baselines Under its 1935
Decree 240
United States v. Louisiana 243
Note 244
United States Protest of Oman’s Straight Baselines 245
Figure V.C: Oman’s Straight Baselines 247
Notes 248
Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial
Questions between Qatar and Bahrain 251
Notes 252
C Archipelagic Baselines 253
Fiji’s Archipelagic Baselines 253
Figure V.D: Fiji’s Straight Archipelagic Baselines 257
Notes 258
Figure V.E: China’s Straight Baselines Claim around the
Paracel Islands 261
6 Maritime Delimitation 264
A Territorial Sea 265
Agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium and the
French Republic Concerning the Delimitation of the
Territorial Sea 265
Notes 266
Figure VI.A: Belgium-France Territorial Sea and Continental
Shelf Delimitation 267
B Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf 269
Agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium and the
French Republic Concerning the Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf 269
Notes 270
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 273
Figure VI.B: Negotiated Boundaries Following the ICJ’s Decision
in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 282
Notes 283
Continental Shelf Boundary Arbitration between France
and the United Kingdom 287
Figure VI.C: France/United Kingdom Continental Shelf
Delimitation 291
Notes 292
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case 294
Notes 301
Figure VI.D: Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Delimitation 302
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Case 304
Notes 317
Figure VI.E: Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Delimitation 318
Case Concerning Delimitation of Maritime Areas
(St. Pierre and Miquelon) 320
Notes 323
Figure VI.F: Maritime Delimitation in the Canada/France
Arbitration 324
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea 326
Figure VI.G: Romania v. Ukraine Maritime Delimitation 328
Notes 329
C Extended Continental Shelf 330
Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay
of Bengal 330
Figure VI.H: Bangladesh/Myanmar Maritime Delimitation 342
Notes 343
7 Internal Waters and Ports 346
A Access to Ports 346
Netherlands-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation 346
Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports 347
Notes 349
Saudi Arabia v. Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco) 350
Notes 353
Khedivial Line, S.A.E. v. Seafarers’ International Union 356
Notes 357
Guangzhou Ocean Shipping Co. v. Minister of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management 358
Notes 360
B Port State Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels While in Port 361
The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon 362
Notes 365
Wildenhus’s Case 366
Notes 372
Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo 374
Notes 377
Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis 379
Notes 381
Kate A. Hoff (United States) v. Mexico 384
Notes 386
C Enlarged Port State Jurisdiction 386
United States v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 387
Notes 394
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the
[LOS Convention] Relating to the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly
Migratory Fish Stocks 397
Notes 397
Lee A. Kimball, Introductory Note on Memorandum
of Understanding on Port State Control in the Caribbean
Region 399
Notes 401
8 Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Straits, and Archipelagic
Waters 403
A The Territorial Sea 403
1 Status of the Territorial Sea 403
Regina v. Keyn 404
Notes 408
2 Innocent Passage and Jurisdiction over Passing Vessels 410
Compañia de Navegación Nacional (Panama)
v. United States 410
Notes 417
Declaration of People’s Republic of China upon Ratification
of the Law of the Sea Convention 418
Uniform Interpretation of Rules of International Law
Governing Innocent Passage 418
Notes 419
B Contiguous Zone 422
Church v. Hubbart 422
Note 426
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone 426
Notes 427
C Straits Used for International Navigation 428
Corfu Channel Case 429
Notes 434
UNCLOS III Discussion of Straits Used for International
Navigation 435
Notes 452
D Archipelagic Waters 454
Adoption, Designation and Substitution of Archipelagic Sea
Lanes 454
Digest of United States Practice in International Law 464
Notes 467
Figure VIII.A: Indonesia’s Partial System of Archipelagic
Sea Lanes 468
9 Exclusive Economic Zone 470
A Early Developments 471
Presidential Proclamation No. 2668 (Truman Proclamation
Regarding Fisheries) 471
Notes 472
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (United Kingdom v. Iceland) 473
Notes 486
B The Exclusive Economic Zone and Customary
International Law 488
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case 489
Note 489
Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America 490
Notes 491
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine
Area 492
Note 493
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Case 493
Notes 493
C The Exclusive Economic Zone and its Application in
Practice 494
The M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case 495
Notes 512
10 Continental Shelf 513
A Early Developments 513
Presidential Proclamation No. 2667 (Truman Proclamation
Regarding the Continental Shelf) 514
White House Press Release, Sept. 28, 1945 515
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year Ended
June 30, 1945 516
Notes 516
Chile, Presidential Declaration Concerning the Continental Shelf,
June 23, 1947 518
Note from Government of the United States to the Government
of Chile, July 2, 1948 519
Notes 520
B Development and Implementation of the 1958 Continental
Shelf Convention 521
Report of the International Law Commission, 1956 521
Notes 530
United States v. Ray 532
Notes 538
Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Sailing
Vessel 538
Notes 541
C Development and Implementation of the 1982 LOS Convention
Provisions on the Continental Shelf 545
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 76–82 545
Notes 545
Figure X.A: Continental Shelf and Margin 547
Figure X.B: Diagram of Article 76 548
Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits
of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made
by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
in Respect of Ascension Island on 9 May 2008 549
Notes 555
Figure X.C: Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf for Ascension
Island, as Proposed by the United Kingdom in 2008 and as
Recommended by the Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf in 2010 556
Figure X.D: Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles from
Baselines 559
11 The Deep Seabed 560
A Early Developments 560
Explanatory Statements Concerning Votes on the Moratorium
Resolution 562
Note 564
The Principles Resolution 564
Notes 567
Roger-J. Bonnel, Belgians and Americans Are Getting Ready to
Collect Ocean Minerals 567
Notes 570
B Part XI of the 1982 LOS Convention 572
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 1(1)(1), 1(1)(3), 133–50, 152–58,
170, 176, 186 572
Notes 572
White House Office of Policy Information, Issue Update No. 10 575
Notes 580
C The 1994 Implementation Agreement 580
Bernard H. Oxman, The 1994 Agreement and the Convention 581
1994 Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 590
Notes 590
D The International Seabed Authority 592
Statement by Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General of the International
Seabed Authority to the 62nd Session of the General Assembly
of the United Nations 593
Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed
Authority under Article 166, Paragraph 4, of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea 594
Notes 597
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and
Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area 598
Notes 606
E Non-Mineral Resources and Uses of the Area 607
Craig H. Allen, Protecting the Oceanic Gardens of Eden:
International Law Issues in Deep-Sea Vent Resource
Conservation and Management 607
Letter Dated 16 March 2010 from the Co-chairpersons of the
Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group [on Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity beyond the
Limits of National Jurisdiction] to the President of the General
Assembly 609
Notes 611
12 Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 614
The MOX Plant Case (ITLOS, Provisional Measures, 2001) 615
Dispute Concerning Access to Information under Article 9 of the
OSPAR Convention (OSPAR Tribunal, Final Award, 2003) 624
Dispute Concerning the MOX Plant, International Movements
of Radioactive Materials, and the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the Irish Sea (Annex VII Tribunal, Jurisdictional
Matters, 2003) 641
Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland
(ECJ, Judgment, 2006) 647
Dispute Concerning the MOX Plant, International Movements of
Radioactive Materials, and the Protection of the Marine Environment
of the Irish Sea (Annex VII Tribunal, Order Terminating Proceedings,
2006) 654
Notes 656
13 Conservation and Management of High Seas Living
Resources 662
A The Origins of the Modern Law of High Seas Fisheries 663
Erik Franckx, Fisheries in the South China Sea: A Centrifugal
or Centripetal Force? 663
Note 665
B High Seas Fisheries after the Creation of the EEZ 667
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada) 667
Notes 675
Figure XIII.A: Maritime Areas in 1995 Canada-European Union
Fishing Dispute 676
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the
[LOS Convention] Relating to the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly
Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 Fish Stocks Agreement) 681
Notes 688
C Regional Fishery Management Organizations under Contemporary
International Law 693
Convention on Future Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries 694
Amendment to the Convention on Future Cooperation in the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries 695
Notes 700
14 Maritime Terrorism and Security 703
A International Conventions Addressing Maritime Security 703
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 40/61 703
Notes 705
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence against
the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention) 706
Notes 709
United States v. Shibin 712
Notes 715
Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts of Violence against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation 717
Notes 719
Security in Maritime Transport: The Risk Factors and Economic
Impact 721
Notes 727
B Informal Measures Implemented by States 731
Proliferation Security Initiative 731
Notes 733
CSI [Container Security Initiative] in Brief 735
Notes 736
15 Settlement of Disputes 738
A The Dispute Settlement System of the 1982 LOS Convention 738
Louis B. Sohn, Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Ocean Conflicts:
Does UNCLOS III Point the Way? 738
Notes 744
B The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 748
Law of the Sea Convention 749
Notes 749
Doo-Young Kim, Advisory Proceedings before the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea as an Alternative Procedure to
Supplement the Dispute-Settlement Mechanism Under Part XV
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea 750
Notes 755
The Volga Case 756
The Tomimaru Case 763
Notes 767
Southern Bluefin Tuna Case 770
Notes 780
Appendix 782
1982 LOS Convention 782
Annex I 913
Annex II 914
Annex III 917
Annex IV 938
Annex V 947
Annex VI 951
Annex VII 962
Annex VIII 966
Annex IX 969
1994 Implementation Agreement 973
Annex 977
Index 993
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