Colombia–Jamaica maritime boundary and the Joint Regime Area

In 1993 Colombia and Jamaica concluded a treaty (1993 Treaty) concerning their overlapping claims to a continental shelf and EEZ in the Caribbean Sea. Article 1 of the 1993 Treaty establishes a maritime boundary between the two States. Immediately to the west of the boundary, the 1993 Treaty also establishes a ‘Joint Regime Area’ in which, ‘pending the determination of the jurisdictional limits of each Party …, the Parties agree to establish … a zone of joint management, control, exploration and exploitation of living and non-living resources’. Article 3(1), sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of the 1993 Treaty exclude two circular areas of 12 nautical miles radius from the Joint Regime Area. One circular area surrounds the cays of the Seranilla Bank and the other surrounds the cays of Bajo Nuevo. Both of these groups of features are claimed by Colombia – a claim that has been disputed on various occasions by Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua and the United States.

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Canada–United States overlapping claims in North Atlantic and surrounding Machias Seal Island and North Rock

In 1979 the Canada and the United States agreed to empower a Chamber of the ICJ to designate a single seabed and water-column boundary in the Gulf of Maine. The Chamber’s 1984 Judgment establishes a segmented boundary that commences at an offshore point mutually agreed by both States (Point A) and terminates at the point of intersection with the United States’ 200 nautical mile limit. McDorman notes that, prior to the conclusion of the 1979 agreement, Canadian and US negotiators had proposed several options concerning provisional joint management of overlapping claims in the Gulf of Maine. These proposals did not gain traction because delimitation issues proved difficult to set aside. In particular, the location of competing boundary claims influenced political views concerning the fair division of fisheries and potential hydrocarbon resources.

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China geopolitical interests in eastern Asia and south china sea

The establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed by Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949 at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. This followed two decades of almost constant turmoil that took the form of a prolonged civil war between the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT), and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the Japanese invasion of China, which resulted in the eight year Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Following Chiang Kai-shek’s split with the CCP after his massacre of thousands of Communists in Shanghai in March 1927, the Nationalists were soon faced with a series of armed insurrections led by the Communists in cities such as Nanchang and Guangzhou. These uprisings ultimately proved unsuccessful. The Communists were driven into the countryside, where the Nationalists proceeded to wage a total of five campaigns of “extermination” between 1930 and 1934, aimed at achieving a comprehensive victory. The success of the fifth campaign in encircling and strangling the Communists led the latter to abandon their base in Jiangxi Province in October 1934 and stage the famous “Long March,” a 4,000-mile journey to establish a new base in Shaanxi in northwest China. China would soon be faced by the even greater threat of external invasion. The Japanese had established a presence in Manchuria by 1931. Growing domestic expansionist pressures led to an undeclared war with China following the “Marco Polo Bridge Incident” on July 7, 1937. Following the outbreak of hostilities, the Communists and Nationalists formed a “United Front” with the goal of defeating the Japanese, although the conflict between the CCP and the KMT was never resolved. Despite its initial success in taking many of the key coastal cities, including Shanghai, and eventually the Nationalist capital of Nanjing, the Japanese advance soon stalled. The Japanese army was never able to penetrate deep into the Chinese countryside. The Japanese surrender on August 14, 1945, following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, plunged China back into civil war. The Communists soon gained the upper hand, eventually driving the KMT out of China and into Taiwan, paving the way for the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.

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Yemen maritime claim about baselines(straight baseline) for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea

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Viet Nam maritime claims about Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf, such as in the Gulf of Tonkin with China

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Uruguay maritime claims about straight baselines and the outer limit of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the exclusive economic zone

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Tanzania maritime claims about straight baselines

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UK maritime claims about outer limit of extended continental shelf and exclusive economic zone

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UK maritime claims about defining the outer limits of a zone adjacent to the territorial sea of the British Indian Ocean Territory, known as the Environment (Protection and Preservation) Zone

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United Arab Emirates maritime claims about Straight Baselines System in Persian Gulf

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Tunisia maritime claims about drawing of straight baselines

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Suriname maritime claims about outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles

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Sudan maritime claims about straight baseline in the Red Sea

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Spain maritime claims, such as limits of the Fisheries Protection Zone in the Mediterranean Sea

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Somalia maritime claim about limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone

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Saudi Arabia maritime claims about baselines of Saudi Arabia “in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Persian Gulf”

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Russia maritime claims about the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles in respect to the Barents Sea

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Russia maritime claims about the area of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles in the region of the Sea of Okhotsk

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Russia maritime claims about outer limit of the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in the Sea of Okhotsk

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Romania maritime claim about drawing of straight baselines and the outer limit of its territorial sea

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Republic of Korea maritime claims about baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea

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Qatar maritime claim about bay closing lines

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Philippines maritime claim about changing the name “Benham Rise” to “Philippine Rise”

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Philippines maritime claim about outer limits of its continental shelf

pursuant to article 76, paragraph 9, of the Convention, of a chart and relevant information, including geodetic data, permanently describing the outer limits of its…

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Philippines maritime claims about Archipelagic Baselines

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Panama maritime claim about baselines

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Pakistan maritime claims about outer limits of its continental shelf

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Pakistan maritime claims for the drawing of the straight baselines

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Norway maritime claims about outer limits of the territorial sea around Bouvet island

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Norway maritime claims about outer limits of the territorial sea around mainland Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen and extent of the territorial sea around mainland Norway(2003)

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Norway maritime claims about limit of the Norwegian territorial sea around Jan Mayen

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Norway maritime claims about drawing the baselines for measuring the width of the territorial sea around Svalbard

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Norway maritime claims about outer limits of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone

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Nicaragua maritime claims about points concerning the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea

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Nicaragua maritime claims about straight baselines

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New Zealand maritime claim about outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles

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New Zealand maritime claims about baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea and maritime boundary delimited between New Zealand and Australia

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Netherlands maritime claims about outer limits of the territorial sea

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Myanmar maritime claims about straight baselines for the Preparis and CoCo Islands, as contained in the Law Amending the Territorial Sea and Maritime Zones Law

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Myanmar maritime claims about Territorial Sea and Maritime Zones

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